Which staining technique is used to identify Mycobacterium species?

The use of acid-fast staining is crucial for identifying Mycobacterium species because these bacteria possess a unique waxy cell wall that contains mycolic acids. This characteristic makes them resistant to standard Gram staining methods, which classify bacteria into Gram-positive or Gram-negative based on the structure of their cell walls.

Acid-fast staining specifically takes advantage of this unique property; it involves the use of a primary stain, typically carbol fuchsin, which penetrates the waxy cell wall and stains the cells. The subsequent decolorization step with acid-alcohol distinguishes acid-fast organisms from non-acid-fast ones, as the Mycobacterium species retain the red color of the primary stain despite this harsh decolorization, while other bacteria will not. This differential ability is what allows microbiologists to visually identify Mycobacterium species under a microscope.

In contrast, the other staining techniques mentioned serve different purposes. Gram staining differentiates bacteria based on their cell wall structure but is unsuitable for Mycobacterium due to their unique composition. Spore staining is utilized for detecting bacterial endospores and flagella staining is aimed at illustrating bacterial motility structures. These techniques do not apply to the identification of Mycobacterium species, making