Microbiology Practice Exam

Antimicrobial peptides are key components of the innate immune system that function primarily by disrupting the membranes of microbial cells. These small proteins have a unique structure that allows them to interact with the lipid bilayer of bacteria, fungi, and some viruses. By integrating into the cell membrane, antimicrobial peptides can create pores or disrupt the membrane's integrity, leading to cell lysis and ultimately the death of the microorganism.

This mechanism makes antimicrobial peptides an essential part of the body's defense against infections, as they provide a rapid response to invading pathogens. Moreover, they can also inhibit bacterial growth by interfering with other processes, such as protein synthesis and DNA replication, but their primary and most immediate action is membrane disruption.

In contrast, the other options do not accurately reflect the role of antimicrobial peptides. They do not enhance microbial growth or promote inflammation directly, nor do they play a significant role in digestion. Understanding the mechanism of antimicrobial peptides is vital for appreciating their role in both natural immunity and potential therapeutic applications in combating infections.